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<title>Building code</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Building code</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning laws</a>.</div>

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<p>A <b>building code</b> (also <b>building control</b> or <b>building regulations</b>) is a set of rules that specify the standards for construction objects such as <a href="Building" title="Building">buildings</a> and <a href="Non-building_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-building structure">non-building structures</a>. Buildings must conform to the code to obtain <a href="Planning_permission" title="Planning permission">planning permission</a>, usually from a local council. The main purpose of building codes is to protect <a href="Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a>, safety and general welfare as they relate to the <a href="Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> and occupancy of buildings and <span class="nowrap">structures — </span>for example, the building codes in many countries require engineers to consider the effects of <a href="Soil_liquefaction" title="Soil liquefaction">soil liquefaction</a> in the design of new buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building code becomes <a href="Law" title="Law">law</a> of a particular jurisdiction when formally <a href="Enactment_of_a_bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Enactment of a bill">enacted</a> by the appropriate governmental or private authority.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Building codes are generally intended to be applied by <a href="Architect" title="Architect">architects</a>, <a href="Engineer" title="Engineer">engineers</a>, <a href="Interior_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior designer">interior designers</a>, constructors and <a href="Regulatory_agency" title="Regulatory agency">regulators</a> but are also used for various purposes by <a href="Fire_safety_inspector" title="Fire safety inspector">safety inspectors</a>, <a href="Environmental_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental scientist">environmental scientists</a>, <a href="Real_estate_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate developer">real estate developers</a>, subcontractors, manufacturers of building products and materials, <a href="Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a> companies, facility managers, <a href="Leasehold_estate" title="Leasehold estate">tenants</a>, and others. Codes regulate the design and construction of structures where adopted into law.

</p><p>Examples of building codes began in ancient times.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the USA the main codes are the <a href="International_Building_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="International Building Code">International Building Code or International Residential Code [IBC/IRC]</a>, electrical codes and plumbing, mechanical codes. Fifty states and the District of Columbia have adopted the I-Codes at the state or jurisdictional level.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Canada, national model codes are published by the <a href="National_Research_Council_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Council of Canada">National Research Council of Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United Kingdom, compliance with <a href="Building_regulations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Building regulations in the United Kingdom">Building Regulations</a> is monitored by <a href="Building_control_body" title="Building control body">building control bodies</a>, either Approved Inspectors or Local Authority Building Control departments. Building Control regularisation charges apply in case work is undertaken which should have had been inspected at the time of the work if this was not done.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div>

<p>The practice of developing, approving, and enforcing building codes varies considerably among nations. In some countries building codes are developed by the government agencies or quasi-governmental <a href="Standards_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Standards organizations">standards organizations</a> and then enforced across the country by the <a href="Central_government" title="Central government">central government</a>. Such codes are known as the <b>national building codes</b> (in a sense they enjoy a mandatory nationwide application).

</p><p>In other countries, where the power of regulating construction and fire <a href="Safety" title="Safety">safety</a> is vested in <a href="Local_authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Local authorities">local authorities</a>, a system of <a href="Model_building_code" title="Model building code">model building codes</a> is used. Model building codes have no legal status unless adopted or adapted by an authority having jurisdiction. The developers of model codes urge public authorities to reference model codes in their laws, ordinances, regulations, and administrative orders. When referenced in any of these legal instruments, a particular model code becomes law. This practice is known as 'adoption by reference'. When an adopting authority decides to delete, add, or revise any portions of the model code adopted, it is usually required by the model code developer to follow a formal adoption procedure in which those modifications can be documented for legal purposes.

</p><p>There are instances when some <a href="Local_authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Local authorities">local jurisdictions</a> choose to develop their own building codes. At some point in time all major cities in the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a> had their own building codes. However, due to ever increasing complexity and cost of developing building regulations, virtually all municipalities in the country have chosen to adopt model codes instead. For example, in 2008 New York City abandoned its proprietary <i>1968 New York City Building Code</i> in favor of a customized version of the <a href="International_Building_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="International Building Code">International Building Code</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The City of <a href="Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> remains the only <a href="Municipality" title="Municipality">municipality</a> in America that continues to use a building code the city developed on its own as part of the <i><a href="Municipal_Code_of_Chicago" title="Municipal Code of Chicago">Municipal Code of Chicago</a></i>.

</p><p>In Europe, the <a href="Eurocode%3A_Basis_of_structural_design" title="Eurocode: Basis of structural design">Eurocode: Basis of structural design</a>, is a pan-European building code that has superseded the older national building codes. Each country now has National Annexes to localize the contents of the <a href="Eurocodes" title="Eurocodes">Eurocodes</a>.

</p><p>Similarly, in <a href="India" title="India">India</a>, each municipality and urban development authority has its own building code, which is mandatory for all construction within their jurisdiction. All these local building codes are variants of a National Building Code,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which serves as model code proving guidelines for regulating building construction activity.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scope">Scope</h3></div>

<p>The purpose of building codes is to provide minimum standards for safety, health, and general welfare including structural integrity, mechanical integrity (including sanitation, water supply, light, and <a href="Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">ventilation</a>), means of egress, fire prevention and control, and energy conservation.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

Building codes generally include:

</p>

<ul><li>Standards for structure, placement, size, usage, wall assemblies, fenestration size/locations, egress rules, size/location of rooms, foundations, floor assemblies, roof structures/assemblies, <a href="Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a>, stairs and halls, mechanical, electrical, plumbing, site drainage & storage, appliance, lighting, fixtures standards, occupancy rules, and swimming pool regulations</li>

<li>Rules regarding <a href="Parking" title="Parking">parking</a> and <a href="Traffic" title="Traffic">traffic</a> impact</li>

<li><a href="Fire_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire code">Fire code</a> rules to minimize the risk of a fire and to ensure safe evacuation in the event of such an emergency</li>

<li>Requirements for <a href="Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> (<a href="Seismic_code" title="Seismic code">seismic code</a>), <a href="Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricane</a>, <a href="Flood" title="Flood">flood</a>, and <a href="Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> resistance, especially in disaster prone areas or for very large buildings where a failure would be catastrophic</li>

<li>Requirements for specific building uses (for example, storage of flammable substances, or housing a large number of people)</li>

<li>Energy provisions and consumption</li>

<li><a href="Grandfather_clause" title="Grandfather clause">Grandfather clauses</a>: Unless the building is being renovated, the building code usually does not apply to existing buildings.</li>

<li><a href="Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Specification">Specifications</a> on components</li>

<li>Allowable installation methodologies</li>

<li>Minimum and maximum room ceiling heights, exit sizes and location</li>

<li>Qualification of individuals or corporations doing the work</li>

<li>For high structures, anti-collision markers for the benefit of aircraft</li></ul>

<p>Building codes are generally separate from <a href="Zoning" title="Zoning">zoning</a> ordinances, but exterior restrictions (such as setbacks) may fall into either category.

</p><p>Designers use building code standards out of substantial reference books during design. Building departments review plans submitted to them before construction, issue permits [or not] and inspectors verify compliance to these standards at the site during construction.

</p><p>There are often additional codes or sections of the same building code that have more specific requirements that apply to <a href="Dwelling" title="Dwelling">dwellings</a> or places of business and special construction objects such as canopies, signs, <a href="Pedestrian" title="Pedestrian">pedestrian</a> walkways, <a href="Parking_lot" title="Parking lot">parking lots</a>, and radio and <a href="Television_antenna" title="Television antenna">television antennas</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div>

<p>Building codes have been criticized for contributing to <a href="Housing_crisis" title="Housing crisis">housing crisis</a> and increasing the cost of new housing to some extent, including through conflicting code between different administrators.<sup id="cite_ref-f664_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f664-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proposed improvements include regular review and <a href="Cost-benefit_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost-benefit analysis">cost-benefit analysis</a> of building codes,<sup id="cite_ref-p122_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p122-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> promotion of low-cost construction materials and building codes suitable to mass production,<sup id="cite_ref-f664_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f664-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reducing bureaucracy, and promoting transparency.<sup id="cite_ref-p913_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p913-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3></div>

<p>Building codes have a long history. The earliest known written building code is included in the <a href="Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which dates from circa 1772 BC.

</p><p>The book of <a href="Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> in the <a href="Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> stipulated that <a href="Parapet" title="Parapet">parapets</a> must be constructed on all houses to prevent people from falling off.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the Chinese <a href="Book_of_Rites" title="Book of Rites">book of rites</a> it mentions that ancestral temples and houses should be a certain standard length in ancient China they measured land in the chu or <a href="Well-field_system" title="Well-field system">well field system</a> so it was important to be precise though most of the actual lengths are lost or obscure.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In ancient Japan a certain official destroyed a courtiers house because the size was above his rank.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4></div>

<p>In Paris, under the reconstruction of much of the city under the <a href="Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire (1852–70)</a>, great blocks of apartments were erected<sup id="cite_ref-New_International_Encyclopedia_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_International_Encyclopedia-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the height of buildings was limited by law to five or six stories at most.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4></div>

<p>After the <a href="Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire of London</a> in 1666, which had been able to spread so rapidly through the densely built timber housing of the city, the <a href="Rebuilding_of_London_Act_1666" title="Rebuilding of London Act 1666">Rebuilding of London Act 1666</a> was passed in the same year as the first significant building regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drawn up by <a href="Matthew_Hale_(jurist)" title="Matthew Hale (jurist)">Sir Matthew Hale</a>, the act regulated the rebuilding of the city, required housing to have some fire resistance capacity and authorised the <a href="City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">City of London Corporation</a> to reopen and widen roads.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a> were passed in the 1680s by the <a href="Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Crown</a> to regulate the urban planning for colonies throughout Spain's worldwide imperial possessions.

</p><p>The first systematic national building standard was established with the <a href="Metropolitan_Buildings_Act_1844" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Buildings Act 1844">Metropolitan Buildings Act 1844</a>. Among the provisions, builders were required to give the district surveyor two days' notice before building, regulations regarding the thickness of walls, height of rooms, the materials used in repairs, the dividing of existing buildings and the placing and design of <a href="Chimney" title="Chimney">chimneys</a>, <a href="Fireplace" title="Fireplace">fireplaces</a> and <a href="Drain_(plumbing)" title="Drain (plumbing)">drains</a> were to be enforced and streets had to be built to minimum requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Metropolitan_Buildings_Office" title="Metropolitan Buildings Office">Metropolitan Buildings Office</a> was formed to regulate the construction and use of buildings throughout London. Surveyors were empowered to enforce building regulations, which sought to improve the standard of houses and business premises, and to regulate activities that might threaten public health. In 1855 the assets, powers and responsibilities of the office passed to the <a href="Metropolitan_Board_of_Works" title="Metropolitan Board of Works">Metropolitan Board of Works</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div>

<p>The City of <a href="Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> passed its first building code in 1891.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Great_Baltimore_Fire" title="Great Baltimore Fire">Great Baltimore Fire</a> occurred in February 1904. Subsequent changes were made that matched other cities.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1904, a Handbook of the Baltimore City Building Laws was published. It served as the building code for four years. Very soon, a formal building code was drafted and eventually adopted in 1908.

</p><p>The structural failure of the tank that caused the <a href="Great_Molasses_Flood" title="Great Molasses Flood">Great Molasses Flood</a> of 1919 prompted the Boston Building Department to require engineering and architectural calculations be filed and signed. U.S. cities and states soon began requiring sign-off by registered professional engineers for the plans of major buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-DarkTide_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DarkTide-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>More recently, the 2015 <a href="Berkeley_balcony_collapse" title="Berkeley balcony collapse">Berkeley balcony collapse</a> has prompted updates to <a href="California" title="California">California's</a> balcony building codes, set for 2025, which include stricter material requirements, enhanced load-bearing standards, and mandatory inspections which known as SB326 and SB721.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These laws mandate regular inspections every six years for multifamily buildings. Property owners and HOAs are required to address any structural or waterproofing issues identified during inspections to ensure compliance and safety. Failure to comply can result in fines, increased liability, and legal consequences.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Energy_codes">Energy codes</h5></div>

<p>The current energy codes of the United States are adopted at the state and municipal levels and are based on the <a href="International_Energy_Conservation_Code" title="International Energy Conservation Code">International Energy Conservation Code</a> (IECC). Previously, they were based on the Model Energy Code (MEC). As of March 2017, the following residential codes have been partially or fully adopted by states:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li>2015 IECC or equivalent (California, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Vermont, Washington)</li>

<li>2012 IECC or equivalent (Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Iowa, Minnesota, Nevada, Rhode Island, Texas)</li>

<li>2009 IECC or equivalent (Arkansas, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin)</li>

<li>2006 IECC or equivalent (Utah)</li>

<li>2006 IECC or no statewide code (Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Maine, Mississippi, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div>

<p>Australia uses the <a href="National_Construction_Code" title="National Construction Code">National Construction Code</a>.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Building_officials" title="Building officials">Building officials</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_law" title="Construction law">Construction law</a></li>

<li><a href="Earthquake-resistant_structures" title="Earthquake-resistant structures">Earthquake-resistant structures</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_Efficiency_and_Conservation_Block_Grants" title="Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grants">Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grants</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_construction" title="Outline of construction">Outline of construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Seismic_code" title="Seismic code">Seismic code</a></li>

<li><a href="Uniform_Mechanical_Code" title="Uniform Mechanical Code">Uniform Mechanical Code</a></li>

<li><a href="Variance_(land_use)" title="Variance (land use)">Variance (land use)</a> – permission to vary <a href="Zoning" title="Zoning">zoning</a> and sometimes building to code</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Building_code_violations" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Building code violations">Building and Fire Code Violations</a></span>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iapmo.org">IAPMO Website</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://codes.iapmo.org">IAPMO Codes Website</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Construction395" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Home_construction" title="Home construction">Home construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Offshore_construction" title="Offshore construction">Offshore construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Underground_construction" title="Underground construction">Underground construction</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tunnel_construction" title="Tunnel construction">Tunnel construction</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_construction" title="History of construction">Construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrialization_of_construction" title="Industrialization of construction">Industrialization</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_infrastructure" title="History of infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_structural_engineering" title="History of structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_architecture" title="Timeline of architecture">Timeline of architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_water_supply_and_sanitation" title="History of water supply and sanitation">Water supply and sanitation</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_world's_tallest_buildings" title="History of the world's tallest buildings">World's tallest buildings</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Architect" title="Architect">Architect</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_engineer" title="Building engineer">Building engineer</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_estimator" title="Building estimator">Building estimator</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_officials" title="Building officials">Building officials</a></li>

<li><a href="Chartered_Building_Surveyor" title="Chartered Building Surveyor">Chartered Building Surveyor</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">Civil engineer</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_estimator" title="Civil estimator">Civil estimator</a></li>

<li><a href="Clerk_of_works" title="Clerk of works">Clerk of works</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_manager" title="Project manager">Project manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantity_surveyor" title="Quantity surveyor">Quantity surveyor</a></li>

<li><a href="Site_manager" title="Site manager">Site manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_engineer" title="Structural engineer">Structural engineer</a></li>

<li><a href="Superintendent_(construction)" title="Superintendent (construction)">Superintendent</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trades workers<br>(<a href="List_of_construction_trades" title="List of construction trades">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Banksman" title="Banksman">Banksman</a></li>

<li><a href="Boilermaker" title="Boilermaker">Boilermaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Bricklayer" title="Bricklayer">Bricklayer</a></li>

<li><a href="Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpenter</a></li>

<li><a href="Concrete_finisher" title="Concrete finisher">Concrete finisher</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_foreman" title="Construction foreman">Construction foreman</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_worker" title="Construction worker">Construction worker</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrician" title="Electrician">Electrician</a></li>

<li><a href="Glazier" title="Glazier">Glazier</a></li>

<li><a href="Ironworker" title="Ironworker">Ironworker</a></li>

<li><a href="Millwright" title="Millwright">Millwright</a></li>

<li><a href="Plasterer" title="Plasterer">Plasterer</a></li>

<li><a href="Plumber" title="Plumber">Plumber</a></li>

<li><a href="Roofer" title="Roofer">Roofer</a></li>

<li><a href="Steel_fixer" title="Steel fixer">Steel fixer</a></li>

<li><a href="Welder" title="Welder">Welder</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Institute_of_Constructors" title="American Institute of Constructors">American Institute of Constructors</a> (AIC)</li>

<li><a href="American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">American Society of Civil Engineers</a> (ASCE)</li>

<li><a href="Asbestos_Testing_and_Consultancy_Association" title="Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association">Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association</a> (ATAC)</li>

<li><a href="Associated_General_Contractors_of_America" title="Associated General Contractors of America">Associated General Contractors of America</a> (AGC)</li>

<li><a href="Association_of_Plumbing_and_Heating_Contractors" title="Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors">Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors</a> (APHC)</li>

<li><a href="Build_UK" title="Build UK">Build UK</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_History_Society" title="Construction History Society">Construction History Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Chartered_Institution_of_Civil_Engineering_Surveyors" title="Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors">Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors</a> (CICES)</li>

<li><a href="Chartered_Institute_of_Plumbing_and_Heating_Engineering" title="Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering">Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering</a> (CIPHE)</li>

<li><a href="Civil_Engineering_Contractors_Association" title="Civil Engineering Contractors Association">Civil Engineering Contractors Association</a> (CECA)</li>

<li><a href="The_Concrete_Society" title="The Concrete Society">The Concrete Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_Management_Association_of_America" title="Construction Management Association of America">Construction Management Association of America</a> (CMAA)</li>

<li><a href="Construction_Specifications_Institute" title="Construction Specifications Institute">Construction Specifications Institute</a> (CSI)</li>

<li><a href="FIDIC" class="mw-redirect" title="FIDIC">FIDIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_Builders_Federation" title="Home Builders Federation">Home Builders Federation</a> (HBF)</li>

<li><a href="Lighting_Association" title="Lighting Association">Lighting Association</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Association_of_Home_Builders" title="National Association of Home Builders">National Association of Home Builders</a> (NAHB)</li>

<li><a href="National_Association_of_Women_in_Construction" title="National Association of Women in Construction">National Association of Women in Construction</a> (NAWIC)</li>

<li><a href="National_Fire_Protection_Association" title="National Fire Protection Association">National Fire Protection Association</a> (NFPA)</li>

<li><a href="National_Kitchen_%26_Bath_Association" title="National Kitchen & Bath Association">National Kitchen & Bath Association</a> (NKBA)</li>

<li><a href="National_Railroad_Construction_and_Maintenance_Association" title="National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association">National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association</a> (NRC)</li>

<li><a href="National_Tile_Contractors_Association" title="National Tile Contractors Association">National Tile Contractors Association</a> (NTCA)</li>

<li><a href="Railway_Tie_Association" title="Railway Tie Association">Railway Tie Association</a> (RTA)</li>

<li><a href="Royal_Institution_of_Chartered_Surveyors" title="Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors">Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors</a> (RICS)</li>

<li><a href="Scottish_Building_Federation" title="Scottish Building Federation">Scottish Building Federation</a> (SBF)</li>

<li><a href="Society_of_Construction_Arbitrators" title="Society of Construction Arbitrators">Society of Construction Arbitrators</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_industry_of_Japan" title="Construction industry of Japan">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_industry_of_Romania" title="Construction industry of Romania">Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_industry_of_Taiwan" title="Construction industry of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkish_construction_and_contracting_industry" title="Turkish construction and contracting industry">Turkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_industry_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Construction industry of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Construction industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Construction_law" title="Construction law">Construction law</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_site_safety" title="Construction site safety">Site safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">Style</a>

<li><a href="Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">Industrial architecture</a>

<ul><li><a href="British_industrial_architecture" title="British industrial architecture">British</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_architecture" title="Indigenous architecture">Indigenous architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Interior_architecture" title="Interior architecture">Interior architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">Vernacular architecture</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a>

<ul><li><a href="Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">Construction engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Earthbag_construction" title="Earthbag construction">Earthbag construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Modern_methods_of_construction" title="Modern methods of construction">Modern methods of construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Monocrete_construction" title="Monocrete construction">Monocrete construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Slip_forming" title="Slip forming">Slip forming</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Building_material" title="Building material">Building material</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_building_materials" title="List of building materials">List of building materials</a></li>

<li><a href="Millwork" title="Millwork">Millwork</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Builder's_signature" title="Builder's signature">Builder's signature</a></li>

<li><a href="Builders'_rites" title="Builders' rites">Builders' rites</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_bidding" title="Construction bidding">Construction bidding</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_delay" title="Construction delay">Construction delay</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_equipment_theft" title="Construction equipment theft">Construction equipment theft</a></li>

<li><a href="Cornerstone" title="Cornerstone">Cornerstone</a></li>

<li><a href="Floor_loan" title="Floor loan">Floor loan</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_management" title="Construction management">Construction management</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li>

<li><a href="Demolition" title="Demolition">Demolition</a></li>

<li><a href="Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a></li>

<li><a href="Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–build">Design–bid–build</a></li>

<li><a href="Heavy_equipment" title="Heavy equipment">Heavy equipment</a></li>

<li><a href="Interior_design" title="Interior design">Interior design</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_construction" title="Illegal construction">Illegal construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_buildings_and_structures" title="Lists of buildings and structures">Lists of buildings and structures</a></li>

<li><a href="Megaproject" title="Megaproject">Megaproject</a></li>

<li><a href="Megastructure" title="Megastructure">Megastructure</a></li>

<li><a href="Plasterwork" title="Plasterwork">Plasterwork</a>

<ul><li><a href="Damp_proofing" title="Damp proofing">Proofing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Parge_coat" class="mw-redirect" title="Parge coat">Parge coat</a></li>

<li><a href="Roughcast" title="Roughcast">Roughcast</a>

<ul><li><a href="Harling_(wall_finish)" title="Harling (wall finish)">Harling</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate development</a></li>

<li><a href="Real-estate_bubble" title="Real-estate bubble">Real-estate bubble</a></li>

<li><a href="Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">Stonemasonry</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Sustainability</a></li>

<li><a href="Topping_out" title="Topping out">Topping out</a></li>

<li><a href="Unfinished_building" title="Unfinished building">Unfinished building</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"></span></span> <a href="Outline_of_construction" title="Outline of construction">Outline</a>

<span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-03-24" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Building_code&oldid=1282104347">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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